The Social Outcast:
Ostracism, Social Exclusion,
Rejection, & Bullying
The 7th
Annual Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology
Convened and
Edited by
Kipling D. Williams
(Macquarie University), Joseph P. Forgas (University of New South Wales), &
William von Hippel (University of New South Wales)
Sydney, Australia, 16-18 March, 2004
List of
Contributors
Roy F. Baumeister (Florida State University)
Marilynn B. Brewer (Ohio State University)
John T. Cacioppo (University of Chicago), Louise C.
Hawkley (University of Chicago), & Gary G. Berntson (Ohio State University)
Geraldine Downey & Rainer Romero (Columbia
University)
Naomi I. Eisenberger and Matthew D. Lieberman
(UCLA)
Susan T. Fiske (Princeton University) & Mariko
Yamamoto (University of Tsukuba)
Julie Fitness (Macquarie University)
Lowell Gaertner & Jonathan
Iuzzini (University
of Tennessee)
Wendi L. Gardner (Northwestern University)
Michael A. Hogg (University of Queensland)
Jaana Juvonen & Elishiva Gross (UCLA)
Jessica L. Lakin (Drew University) & Tanya L. Chartrand (Duke University)
Mark R. Leary (Wake
Forest University)
Geoff MacDonald, Rachell Kingsbury, & Stephanie
Shaw (University of Queensland)
Jaap W. Ouwerkerk, Paul
A. M. van Lange, Marcello Gallucci (Free
University, Amsterdam), & Norbert L. Kerr (Michigan State University)
Cynthia L. Pickett (University of Chicago)
Kristin
L. Sommer & Yonata Rubin (Baruch College-CUNY)
Dianne M. Tice (Florida State University)
Jean M. Twenge (San Diego State University)
Kipling D. Williams (Macquarie University), Joseph
P. Forgas (University of New South Wales), William von Hippel (University of
New South Wales), & Lisa Zadro (University of New South Wales)
For our 7th
Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, this symposium will focus on
the ubiquitous and powerful effects of rejection, social
exclusion, ostracism, and bullying. Human beings are an intrinsically gregarious
species. Most of our evolutionary success is no doubt due to our highly
developed ability to cooperate and interact with each other. It is thus not
surprising that instances of interpersonal rejection and social exclusion would
have an enormously detrimental impact on the individual. Until 10 years ago,
however, social psychology regarded rejection and social exclusion as merely
outcomes to be avoided, but we knew very little about their antecedents and
consequences, and about the processes involved when they occurred.
Understanding how people relate to each other, why they choose to
exclude others, and how and why individuals and groups respond as they do to
acts of rejection and exclusion has never been of greater importance than
today. Acts of exclusion have been linked to depression, alienation, suicide,
and mass killings. Marginalization leads people to seek stronger bonds with
fringe elements, thus creating more opportunities for anti-social behaviors.
The main objective of this symposium is to explore the powerful consequences of social exclusion, at the neurophysiological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral levels. Based on our presentations and discussions during the symposia, our aim is to produce an edited book, as we have for the past six symposia.
Several
chapters
in the
book will put forward grand integrative models
and theories
that try
to encapsulate
the
experience
of
rejection and exclusion. As sweeping as these conceptualizations are, we also
recognize that some individuals are more susceptible to acts of exclusion than
others, and several chapters will explore and explain these individual
differences. Once excluded, individuals perceive and respond to their social
environments differently, leading them to interpret and attend to particular
information that may help them cope, or often, that may perpetuate their state
of exclusion. The book will also discuss the nature and antecedents of adaptive
and maladaptive reactions to social exclusion. Finally, we will report several
research programs aimed at extricating the links between social exclusion and
pro-social or anti-social behavior.
Chapter 1. The Social Outcast:
Introduction, Kipling
D. Williams (Macquarie University), Joseph P. Forgas (University of New South
Wales), & William von Hippel (University of New South Wales)
Part I. Theoretical
Foundations
Chapter 2. Ostracism:
The Indiscriminate Early Detection System, Kipling D. Williams (Macquarie University) & Lisa Zadro
(University of New South Wales)
Chapter 3. Varieties
of Interpersonal Rejection, Mark R. Leary (Wake Forest University)
Chapter 4. The
Inner Dimension of Social Exclusion: Intelligent Thought and Self-Regulation
Among Rejected Persons, Roy F. Baumeister (Florida State University)
Part II. Deep
Roots of Exclusion: Neuropsychological substrates of Isolation and Exclusion
Chapter 5. Adding Insult to Injury: Social Pain Theory
and Response to Social Exclusion, Geoff MacDonald, Rachell Kingsbury, and Stephanie Shaw (University
of Queensland)
Chapter 6. People
Thinking About People: The Vicious Cycle of Being a Social Outcast in One's
Own Mind, John T.
Cacioppo (University of Chicago), Louise C. Hawkley (University of Chicago),
and Gary G. Berntson (Ohio State University)
Chapter 7. Why it Hurts to Be Left Out: The
Neurocognitive Overlap between Physical and Social Pain. Naomi
I. Eisenberger & Matthew D. Lieberman (UCLA)
Part III: Individual
and population Differences and the Impact of Social Exclusion and Bullying
Chapter 8. Processing
Dynamics of Rejection Sensitivity,
Geraldine Downey & Rainer Romero (Columbia University)
Chapter 9. The
Rejected and Bullied: Lessons about Social Outcasts from Developmental
Psychology, Jaana Juvonen &
Elisheva Gross (UCLA)
Chapter 10. Maintaining Self-esteem in the Face of Rejection, Kristin L. Sommer & Yonata Rubin (Baruch
College-CUNY)
Chapter 11. Coping with
Rejection: Core Social Motives, across Cultures and Individuals, Susan T. Fiske (Princeton University) &
Mariko Yamamoto (University of Tsukuba)
Part IV: Influences
of Rejection on Emotion, Perception, and Cognition
Chapter 12. When Does Social Rejection Lead to Aggression? The Influences of Situations, Narcissism, Emotion, and Replenishing Connections, Jean M. Twenge (San Diego State University)
Chapter 13. The
Social Monitoring System: Enhanced Sensitivity to Social Cues and Information
as an Adaptive Response to Social Exclusion and Belonging Need, Cynthia L. Pickett (University of Chicago)
& Wendi L. Gardner (Northwestern University)
Chapter 14. Social
"Snacking" and Social "Shielding": The Satisfaction of Belonging Needs
through
the
Use
of
Social
Symbols and the Social Self, Wendi L. Gardner (Northwestern University), Megan
L. Knowles (Northwestern University),
& Cynthia L. Pickett (University of Chicago)
Chapter 15. All
Animals are Equal but some Animals are more Equal than Others: Social Identity
and Marginal Membership, Michael
A. Hogg (University of Queensland)
Chapter 16. Bye,
Bye Black Sheep: The Causes and Consequenses of Rejection in Family Relationships, Julie
Fitness (Macquarie University)
Part
V: Effects of Social
Exclusion on Pro- and Anti-Social Behavior
Chapter 17. Exclusion
and Nonconscious Behavioral Mimicry, Jessica L. Lakin (Drew University) & Tanya L.
Chartrand (Duke University)
Chapter 18. Rejection and Self-Control: Effects of Social Exclusion
on Aggressive Behavior, Dianne
M. Tice (Florida State University)
Chapter 19. Rejection
and Entitativity: A Synergistic Model of Mass Violence, Lowell Gaertner & Jonathan Iuzzini
(University of Tennessee)
Chapter 20. Avoiding the Social Death Penalty:
Threat of Ostracism and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas, Jaap W. Ouwerkerk,
Paul A. M. van Lange, Marcello Gallucci (Free
University, Amsterdam), & Norbert L. Kerr (Michigan State University)
Chapter 21. The Psychological Impact of Social Isolation: Discussion and
Commentary Marilynn B. Brewer,
Ohio State University
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